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ELIZABETH
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JERUSALEM: The city and the Temple at the time of Jesus
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ON THIS PAGE: Mary visits her kinswoman Elizabeth Historical Background to the story Attitudes to Women at that time |
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THE STORY OF ELIZABETH Bible
Study Resource: Women of the New Testament Elizabeth is Eli-sheba. It means
either ‘God’s promise’, or ‘my God is bountiful/generous’. What the story is about:
For a short version of Elizabeth's story, go to BIBLE MEN AND WOMEN: ELIZABETH |
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ELIZABETH BECOMES PREGNANT
First, Luke
outlined Elizabeth’s family background. She was descended from a long line of priests – Luke
established this fact right at
the beginning of his gospel, because he wanted to counter the slanders that were
being bandied around about Jesus’ legitimacy. Luke wanted to say, loud and
clear, that John and Jesus both came from a respectable, well-connected family,
so he began by pointing out that not just one but both John’s parents came
from a priestly family, and that Elizabeth’s father was a priest – this is
what is meant by ‘daughter of Aaron’. Her husband Zechariah was a member of
the priestly order of Abijah. Despite
her impeccable family background, Elizabeth was barren. Normally, childlessness
was not just a misfortune, it was a disgrace (see Genesis 16:4, 11; 29:32;
30:1, 1 Samuel 1:5-6, 11, 2:5, 7-8). But in Elizabeth’s case this could
hardly
be so, since her reputation showed she was blameless. Instead,
there had to be some other reason. Perhaps, like Sarah (Genesis 18:11) and
Hannah (1 Samuel 1-2) she remained barren because God had a greater
plan for her. Her barren state would heighten the sense that her impending
pregnancy was a miracle. Having established the credentials of the elderly couple, Luke now set the scene for the first dramatic event. At this point, you might look at some extraordinary recreations of the Temple of Jerusalem. Zechariah’s priestly section was taking its turn to offer sacrifice at the Temple in Jerusalem - though the Jewish people were under Roman occupation, they enjoyed a high degree of religious freedom. Temple worship was sanctioned, as long as it did not hide or encourage sedition. Zechariah had been chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Temple and offer incense as part of the daily worship at the Temple – only the single priest who had been chosen by random lot, and therefore by God’s hand, could enter the sanctuary. It was a pivotal moment for him, since the large number of priests, about 8,000 at that time, meant that any one priest could only expect to offer sacrifice once or twice in his lifetime. Now it was Zechariah’s moment. |
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A
model of Herod's Temple. Zechariah offered sacrifice inside the doors of
the main building, though not of course in the inner room called the Holy
of Holies |
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At
about 3pm on this particular day he stepped forward into the sanctuary to
offer incense. The people waited outside, as did the other priests. At
that moment, an angel appeared at the right side of the altar in front of
Zechariah – in a throne room, a favored courtier or family member took
the position at the right side of the throne, and this was where the angel
now stood. An angel? What exactly did that mean? Biblical writers gave no specific meaning, but they used this word to show that a human being had received a message from God. What they meant by the word ‘angel’ is an open question. In our skeptical, must-have-proof world we would probably say the same thing in a different way: that a deep conviction of purpose settled on the person involved, guiding them towards a particular course of action. |
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Henry Tanner, The Annunciation |
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The
angel spoke. It reassured the terrified Zechariah, telling him not to be
afraid. Then
it gave him momentous news: his wife Elizabeth would conceive and
have a son. Since the hand of God is clearly evident in what is happening,
the listener/reader knows that this will be no ordinary child. The angel
was specific. The child would have four characteristics: Despite the extraordinary circumstances, Zechariah quibbled. He expressed doubts that this could happen. He discreetly implied that he was no longer capable of sexual intercourse, and that his wife had ceased menstruating. There was genuine confusion on his part here, but there was also the sense that he was objecting, as he asked for a sign – just as Abraham did (Genesis 15:8), and Gideon (Judges 6:36-40) and Hezekiah (2 Kings 20:8-11). The angel responded by naming itself – ‘I am Gabriel. I stand in the presence of God’ – only the highest officials in an oriental royal court could stand in the presence of their king. Protocol demanded that most people bow low, or prostrate themselves, so Gabriel was letting Zechariah he had committed an offense in not believing what the angel said. As
punishment for his lèse-majesté Zechariah was reduced to silence, probably
becoming both deaf and mute. In one way it was a reassuring miracle, but in
another it was quite obviously a punishment, one that would last until the
birth of the child set him free. When
Zechariah came out of the Temple he was unable to speak. Clearly something
momentous had happened. The priests and people interpreted his silence as
proof that he had had some profound religious experience, possibly a
vision, but Zechariah could tell them of his experience. Frustrated by
his inability to speak, he tried to explain by signing. This had limited
success. He finished out his allotted time of office, then headed for home. Zechariah
had doubted but Elizabeth had not, and so now she, not her unfortunate
husband, moved into the spotlight, favored above her husband. Home at
last, Zechariah found comfort in the arms of Elizabeth. One thing led to
another, and she became pregnant – to her surprise and the amazement of
her family and friends. When
she realized she was pregnant, she went into seclusion. This meant she did
not leave her house for any reason, nor receive any visitors. She
stayed like this, leading a calm and quiet life, until her pregnancy
became
physically obvious to all who saw her. |
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Jacopo Pontormo, The Visitation |
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MARY VISITS HER KINSWOMAN ELIZABETH Mary
had been betrothed to Joseph with a formal witnessed agreement, legally
binding, between the families of the young people, and a bride price paid
to Mary’s family. It was expected that the formal marriage would take
place about a year later, when Mary would be taken home to Joseph's family
to live. Since later on in the story Mary returned to her home,
not Joseph’s, we can assume that Mary and Joseph were not married at
this particular time. |
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Robert Annin Bell, Mary and Elizabeth |
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Leaving
Galilee and traveling south, Mary duly arrived at Elizabeth's house in
Judea after a journey of about three or four days. At first glance, this
might seem like a commonplace event as two kinswomen, both pregnant, meet
each other. But Luke was making oblique references to Old Testament
precedents, alerting the reader to a deeper meaning in Elizabeth's story:
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In a moment of penetrating spiritual clarity, Elizabeth recognized she was being visited by the mother of the expected Messiah. She pronounced a blessing on the younger woman: 'Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb. And why has this happened to me, that the mother of my Lord comes to me? For as soon as I heard the sound of your greeting, the child in my womb leaped for joy. And blessed is she who believed that there would be a fulfillment of what was spoken to her by the Lord.' |
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Mary responded with the words of the song called the Magnificat. Scholars now guardedly say this was a hymn sung by the early Christians in their liturgies, implying that it may have had a composition date later than the moment of meeting between the two mothers. They also imply that an illiterate peasant girl from Galilee would not have had the ability to compose such a hymn. But there is no reason to think that Mary could not have been capable of composing it herself. The Magnificat is closely based on the Song of Hannah in 2 Samuel 2:1-10, and Mary knew this Song well. She certainly would have learned it by heart, since women at the time had a rich oral tradition, all of it memorized, and she would have seen the Song of Hannah as appropriate, since Elizabeth's pregnancy so late in life mirrored the pregnancy of Hannah. Adapting passages from the Jewish Scriptures to suit current situations was a familiar part of the oral tradition, and Mary and her female relatives would have been familiar with the technique. True, there is some evidence it was adapted along the way before Luke translated it into Greek, but Mary is certainly the source of this glorious song. It is not clear from the text whether Elizabeth had the help of her young kinswoman when she gave birth to her baby. Commonsense and the lapse of time would suggest she did. Elizabeth would certainly have been surrounded by loving, concerned relatives and friends, especially since her advanced age must have made it a difficult birth. (See the link to Childbearing, Major Events for information on birth practices at this time.) |
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Domenico Ghirlandaio, The Visitation |
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ELIZABETH
GIVES BIRTH TO JOHN Elizabeth had a son, and all her friends and relatives were overjoyed for her. She seems to have recovered well from the birth itself, because eight days afterwards she was up and around, ready to attend the circumcision of her son. A baby was usually named on the day of his circumcision, and a common practice at this time was to name a first son after his grandfather. In this case however, Elizabeth's extended family seemed to have decided that the baby would be called Zechariah, after his stricken father. But Elizabeth stepped forward and briskly contradicted them. Her son's name was to be 'John', she said. Everyone disagreed with her, pointing out that there was no family precedent for the name 'John', but Elizabeth stood her ground. She insisted so fiercely that, exasperated, the family members turned to Zechariah for support. Since he could not speak, he asked for a writing tablet - a small wooden tile with a wax surface. With a stylus he scratched a single sentence: 'His name is John'. Immediately, to the amazement of the onlookers, he regained the use of his speech and hearing. A skeptic no more, his first words were in praise of God. The sound of his voice silenced even the most talkative of his neighbors. They were awed and not a little frightened by what they were witnessing. Like neighbors everywhere, they could not wait to pass on the story of what had happened, and discuss its meaning. The son of Elizabeth and Zechariah must certainly be destined for greatness - 'the hand of God was with him', and he would be different and unique. Now the name 'John' seemed appropriate, since without any family precedent, it gave him an identity of his own that had nothing to do with the past. Their assumption was cemented by the words Zechariah now spoke. This little child would one day be a prophet of the Most High, he said, preparing the way for the Messiah. This scene is the last we see of Elizabeth. By the standards of the time, she was already elderly, and she may not have lived to see her son grow to manhood. It has often been suggested that John, described as living in the wilderness (Luke 1:80), may have been a member of the Essenes at Qumran. This group was known to adopt young children and look after them, hoping they would become permanent members of their community. If Elizabeth and Zechariah were both dead the Essenes may have done just this for John. If so they were disappointed, since John broke away to forge his ministry in the desert, preparing the way of the Lord. See BIBLE MEN AND WOMEN: JOHN THE BAPTIST for a short version of John's story. |
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Dennis Creffield, Visitation |
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At a time when most of us are settling down to a quiet old age, Elizabeth's life took an unexpected turn. She became pregnant, and bore the son she had always hoped for. It was an unlikely birth, and she gave her son an unfamiliar name. This, and the sudden affliction and recovery of her husband Zechariah caused consternation among Elizabeth's neighbors who discussed, no doubt at some length, the meaning of these events. What would Elizabeth's child become? Certainly something special, something out of the ordinary - a child with a great destiny. Like her kinswoman Mary of Nazareth, Elizabeth must have pondered all this in her heart. |
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THE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE STORY For example, Nazareth where Jesus grew up was a conservative town that clung to traditional Jewish culture. But only a few miles away the town of Sepphoris showed strong Greek influence, with a Graeco-Roman theatre capable of seating 5000 people. So it is difficult to generalize about the impact of Greek culture. Nevertheless, its influence was pervasive, and eventually altered European thought and culture.
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For more about Sepphoris, see BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY: CITIES
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In 63BC the Roman general Pompey occupied Jerusalem. From that time until after the time of Jesus, Palestine was governed as a vassal state by the Romans. The ruler of Palestine from
37-4BC was Herod the Great, who was a great builder, founding among other things the seaport of Caesarea and the fortress of Masada. He rebuilt the Temple (the present-day Wailing Wall in Jerusalem dates from this time). He also helped to finance the Olympic games in Greece!
During these later years, most of Palestine was undergoing a serious economic recession. Despite the fertility of the land, there was unemployment and poverty throughout the country. The great building programs of Herod the Great had come to an end, throwing thousands of tradesmen out of work. Without a modern social security system to fall back on, the families of these unemployed men were in a serious situation. |
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ATTITUDES
TO WOMEN AT THAT TIME Man -
Woman |
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'Sin', by Franz Stuck |
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Jewish and Jewish/Christian women resisted the ideas of Platonic dualism, which patronized them and diminished their status. While Christianity remained a Jewish sect, the status of women within the Christian communities was high. But as the ideas of Christianity moved out into the Gentile, Hellenised world, the first Christians found they had to use the Greek philosophical framework to explain their beliefs and be accepted. So Jesus' original ideal of mutual respect between the sexes was watered down and changed. Women found they were given roles that were acceptable in the outside, Hellenistic culture. In doing so, the Christian church stepped back from the radical ideals of the first Jewish/Christians. Women were still powerful in the private sphere, but were shunted to the side in the public arena. This shows up, for example, in 1st and 2nd century re-tellings of the biblical stories. Where these stories had often had women as central characters, they now focused on men and male activities. |
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The ideal Roman matron |
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In
Josephus’ retelling of the story written in about 94AD, the focus is
largely on Moses’ father Amram. He performs many of the actions
previously attributed to the women. Female characters in the story are
changed. The mid-wives in Josephus’ retelling There were reasons for the changes
Josephus made to the story. He was trying to counter the anti-Semitism
that existed in Rome at the time, so he wrote about Jewish women who
behaved like decent Roman matrons! This ideal of Roman womanhood had been
vigorously promoted in a ‘back to basics’ program by the emperor
Augustus and the Roman authorities. For additional information on the lives of women in the Bible, see MAJOR EVENTS IN A WOMAN'S LIFE - Puberty, menstruation, marriage, childbirth, death and burials ___________________________________________________________________ |
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ACTIVITIES AND FOCUS QUESTIONS Focus Questions for the gospel passages Investigative Reporting Then image you are one of these three, and give the answers you think they would have given in an interview. Comparing the Songs _____________________________________________________________________ INTERESTING SITES - stories, pictures, reconstructions A SHORT VERSION OF
THE STORY OF ELIZABETH CHILDBIRTH IN
BIBLICAL TIMES PREPARE YE THE WAY OF
THE LORD - JOHN'S STORY ZECHARIAH
WAS A PRIEST IN THE EXTRAORDINARY TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM ______________________________________________________________ |
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The story of Elizabeth
contains three episodes:
These
are examples only, but they show that Platonic dualism placed women in a
negative category. They were seen as closer to the natural/animal world
than men. By nature they were irrational and untrustworthy, and therefore
unfit to make their own decisions and govern their own lives. They had to
be looked after and controlled, never treated as equals.
An example of this is the story of
Moses’ birth in Josephus’ Antiquities (Josephus was a Jewish
writer and historian of the 1st century BC).